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Chapter 19

China- There was a massive outflow of silver to the British to pay for Opium. Since most of the people in China were addicts china decided on suppression. Britain didn't like this since they benefited from this. Britain sent its military to teach them about free trade. The treaty of Nanjing ended the opium war but it was on British terms. This treaty imposed a lot of restrictions on Chinese sovereignty and opened 5 ports to European traders.
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Chapter 22

In this chapter, the first  major breakthrough happened in Asia and the Middle east. Austria and Ottoman Empire collapsed following World War 1. German and Japanese empires ended in World war 2 .There was the end of colonial enterprise due to awareness of exploitation, educated elite became aware of gasp between its values and practices. In South Africa, South Africans had extreme dependency white controlled economy. They struggled more because they had Apartheid separated whites and blacks in every way while whites retained labor power. There was also the banning of ANC and imprisonment on Nelson Mandela.
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chapter 18

I am going to focus on the scramble for Africa. The scramble for Africa was the division and colonization of African territory by Europeans.  Europeans and its rivals thought Africa had a lot of wealth. Europeans saw Africa as a source of raw materials, and the opportunity to spread Christianity and so on.  It was a very violent time, Europeans were aggressive and were well armed. To spread fear and forced labor from Africans, to rationalize what they were doing they used scientific reason like Darwin's theory and classification of size and shape of the human skulls which turned out whites were larger and therefore more advanced. In class, I learned that is called Scientific racism.
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