History

Researching the history of surgery was very fascinating. knowing that Egyptians used to cut people's head to release pressure or if they complained about having headaches and later the Greeks adopted this surgical procedure and it keeps going. Starting with tools nowhere near the tools that are used today. It is amazing to see how far surgery has come. Learning that anesthesia was not something that has helped when amputating or cutting someone open makes one wonder how surgery kept going for so long.

In this chapter, the first  major breakthrough happened in Asia and the Middle east. Austria and Ottoman Empire collapsed following World War 1. German and Japanese empires ended in World war 2 .There was the end of colonial enterprise due to awareness of exploitation, educated elite became aware of gasp between its values and practices. In South Africa, South Africans had extreme dependency white controlled economy. They struggled more because they had Apartheid separated whites and blacks in every way while whites retained labor power. There was also the banning of ANC and imprisonment on Nelson Mandela.